The study by The Green Tank and Facets assesses the socio-economic impacts of ETS2 on Greek households and proposes targeted measures to mitigate them. The main findings are summarised below:

1.Greek households are already facing significant difficulties even before the start of the new carbon pricing system: 26.5% of the population was found to be energy vulnerable, and 13.9% transport vulnerable.

2. The new system is expected to increase spending by vulnerable households by between EUR 833 million and EUR 1.6 billion over 2027–2032, further expanding the number of vulnerable households by about 0.9%–1.5% for energy vulnerability and 1.1%–2.1% for transport vulnerability.

3. To provide immediate relief, the study proposes direct income support totaling EUR 742 million to EUR 1.42 billion (15.5%–29.7% of the SCF, well below the 37.5% ceiling set by the Regulation).

4. For long-term solutions to energy vulnerability, measures such as social housing, shallow or deep renovations, heat pumps, and solar PV systems (individual or through energy communities) targeting specific subpopulations are expected to benefit 276,000–348,000 households, at an estimated total cost of EUR 6.8–8.4 billion for 2027–2032.

5. Similarly, in road transport, subsidising electric vehicle leasing in regional areas and providing discounts on public transport in major cities are expected to cost EUR 1.18–1.28 billion and ease transport vulnerability for 262,000–282,000 households. Given the potential to draw on other resources beyond the SCF, the study also proposes allocating an additional EUR 3.2–4.3 billion to upgrade transport infrastructure (public transport, rail, buses).

6. The total cost of these investments, including direct payments—EUR 11.9–15.5 billion—can be covered by fully utilizing the SCF (EUR 4.78 billion), the additional revenues from auctioning ETS2 allowances (EUR 2.75–6.34 billion), and part of the revenues from auctioning ETS1 allowances (EUR 4.33 billion).